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• Ethical Question On Drones 2017
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Ethical analysis I will first survey how drone aircraft create ethical problems and how humans play an important role in how ethical issues emerge for drones. After the identification of the ethical issues with the types of drones we can next move on to how drone aircraft may function in the future and what ethical issues may arise for the.

Drone journalism is the use of drones, or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), for journalistic purposes. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, 'an unmanned aircraft is a device that is used, or is intended to be used, for flight in the air with no onboard pilot'.^[1][2]

The use of drones for information collection in the journalism industry is still new. ^[3] Several universities, companies, and NGOs are testing drones in this context, namely the Drone Journalism Lab, founded in late November 2011 by Matt Waite, professor of journalism and mass communication at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln,^[4] the Drone Journalism Program at the University of Missouri,^[5] the Civic Drone Centre^[6] based at the University of Central Lancashire, and africanDRONE, based in Cape Town, South Africa.

• 2Research
• 4Examples

Drone regulation[edit]

The use of drones is regulated primarily by the National Aviation Authority (NAA) of the country, although permissions from other government agencies or departments many need to be obtained.^[7][8] As each NAA sets its own regulations for drones they can vary widely from one country to the next, this poses a problem for journalists or media organisations who wish to use drones in more than one country. In parts of Africa and Asia, drone laws are unnecessarily restrictive, expensive, and opaque.^[9] There are currently efforts to harmonise regulations international,^[10] perpetually in the European Union.^[11]

Research[edit]

Africa[edit]

In 2018 africanDRONE was formally established as a non-profit organization in South Africa. Skyrim ps4 controller mod. africanDRONE is an organization of drone pilots, journalists, enthusiasts and advocates which seeks to encourage the use of drones in media and journalism. It has its own ethics and operations manual (adapated from the University of Nebraska Drone Journalism Lab) and provides a repository of legal information on drone laws in various African countries. africanDRONE has worked with major international media houses across Africa, Europe and the USA.^[12] It was founded by photographer Johnny Miller, creator of the Unequal Scenes project, with seed funding from Code For Africa.

Canada[edit]

In 2014 the College of the North Atlantic produced a drone journalism code of conduct.^[13]

United Kingdom[edit]

In 2013 the University of Oxford's Reuters Institutes for the Study of Journalism published a report on the challenges and opportunities of drones in news gathering.^[14] The University of Central Lancashire's Media Innovation Studio and Civic Drone Centre are investigating non-visual methods of gathering data for journalistic use.^[15]

United States[edit]

The concept of drone journalism was first explored in 2002 at The Poynter Institute for Media Studies by Larry Larsen who looked at the ethical and practical use of unmanned aerial vehicles for reporting and research.^{[citation needed]} Larsen taught journalists from around the world about the capabilities and possibilities of using an Unmanned aerial vehicle for investigative reporting and in the summer of 2003 built the first UAV specifically for drone journalism using a quadcopter platform streaming wireless video that was recorded in the field using an Archos AV300.^{[citation needed]}

In 2012 Matt Waite founded the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's Drone Journalism Lab to explore how drones can be used for reporting. More specifically, the lab's purpose is to provide a place for the study of the ethicality, legality, and practicality of drone use in journalism.^[16] The lab's website plays a key role in the drone journalism debate, as it provides an online discussion platform, as well as links to and analysis of research and news articles. In 2013 Waite received a cease-and-desist notice from the Federal Aviation Administration.

Matthew Schroyer is a drone and data journalist based in Urbana, Illinois, and blogger on drone journalism at MentalMuniton.com, and founder of the Professional Society of Drone Journalists (PSDJ), located at DroneJournalism.org. He currently develops drone technology and small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) for use in journalistic ventures. As part of his work on EnLiST, a National Science Foundation grant at the University of Illinois, Schroyer heads the 'Drones for Schools' program, through which high school students learn engineering design and STEM concepts for the building and operating of their own unmanned aerial vehicles for photomapping.^[17]

Scott Pham is the founder and director of the MissouriDrone Journalism Program, a partnership between the Missouri School of Journalism, the University of Missouri Information Technology Program, and NPR member station KBIA.^[18]

Ethics considerations[edit]

A significant concern with the use of UAS for journalistic reporting is the potential for invading people's privacy, such as unobstructed views of individuals and private property. A crucial question is whether individuals have the right to expect privacy when their picture is being taken from up to several thousand feet above the ground. Furthermore, the ethics considerations surrounding satellite images come into play: What are the ethical boundaries of news-gathering from satellites in space?^[19]

On April 3, 2013, the FAA held an 'engagement session' on drone privacy, in which the public could engage in discussion on such questions of privacy.^[20] Opinions expressed during the session can generally be summarized in five overarching concerns:

• privacy risks (use of drones should be tightly regulated and subject to transparency procedures);
• mission creep (some were worried about the introduction of drones into US airspace would lead to growing use of increasingly advanced drone technology in policing operations);
• opposition to government regulations on citizens' rights to own drones;
• safety hazards (unmanned aircraft pose safety risks to manned aircraft);
• drones as the future of aviation and an overblown preoccupation with privacy and safety concerns.^[21]

With discussion of drone use for journalistic reasons increasing in the public sphere, non-commercial journalists will be responsible for establishing professional standards, as it is possible that the FAA will not release new regulations until 2015.^[22] Waite and Schroyer both hold that existing journalistic ethics codes can apply to drones, as the principles behind these ethics codes are broad. In an article in the Society of Professional Journalists' Quill Magazine, Waite is paraphrased as saying that he approaches ethical questions of drone journalism by first checking to see whether a question has been dealt with before, as many of questions in drone journalism debates have already been raised with regard to journalistic use of telephoto lenses and helicopters. The article quotes Waite, 'We keep asking ourselves: Is this a new ethical problem, or an old ethical problem with new technology?'^[22]

Ethical Question On Drones 2017

In an effort to professionalize the journalistic practice of using drones, Schroyer and the members of DroneJournalism.org are seeking to create a drone journalism code of ethics, including appeals for use of drones only when there is no safer method of procuring the information needed. This code does hold, however, that violation of state laws and FAA regulations may be necessary in order to access critical information.^[22]

Examples[edit]

2013[edit]

• In October 2013, a BBC news crew used a drone for the first time.^[23]

2014[edit]

• The Daily Dot used a Phantom drone for first-hand footage of a building that collapsed in Harlem on March 2014.^[24]

2015[edit]

• In June 2015, the Manchester Evening News used a drone to create an interactive virtual tour of Heaton Park, Manchester for the Parklife music festival.^[25]

2016[edit]

• In April 2016, photographer Johnny Miller began the Unequal Scenes project using a drone, sparking worldwide debate and conversation around drones journalism and inequality.^[26][27][28]

References[edit]

1. ^'Unmanned Aircraft Operations in the National Airspace System'(PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-06-10.
2. ^Corcoran, Mark (February 21, 2012). 'Drone journalism takes off'. ABC Online. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
3. ^Drones and Journalism
4. ^Janik, Rachel; Mitchell Armentrout (April 29, 2013). 'WASHINGTON: Industry looks to use drones for commercial purposes'. Columbus Ledger Enquirer. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
5. ^Le Pavous, Joël (May 17, 2013). 'L'envol du journalisme'. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2013.
6. ^'www.civicdronecentre.org/'.
7. ^Director General of Civil Aviation. 'PUBLIC NOTICE, Subject: Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)/ Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for Civil Applications'(PDF). Retrieved 29 April 2016.
8. ^'Public Notice on unmanned Aerial Vehicles( UAVs)'. KCAA. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
9. ^Bratt, Michael. 'SA's drone laws are too expensive'.
10. ^'RPAS - Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems - Preparing for the Future'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
11. ^'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS)'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
12. ^Miller, Johnny (21 Feb 2018). 'Road To Nowhere'. www.theguardian.com.
13. ^Ducharme, Jeff. 'Drone Journalism Code'(PDF). Retrieved 29 April 2016.
14. ^Goldberg, David; Corcoran, Mark; Picard, Robert. 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems & Journalism: Opportunities and Challenges of Drones in News Gathering'(PDF). reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
15. ^Ciobanu, Mădălina. 'How can drones be used to generate data for in-depth journalism?'. journalism.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
16. ^Bell, Melissa (4 December 2011). 'Drone Journalism? The idea could fly in the US'. The Washington Post.
17. ^'Journalists and Developers'. DroneJournalism.org. Archived from the original on 2013-07-04.
18. ^'The Missouri Drone Journalism Program'.
19. ^Pavlik, John V. (2001). Journalism and New Media. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 83.
20. ^'FAA UAS Online Listening Session'(PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-05-14.
21. ^Gallagher, Ryan. 'Privacy Risk or Future of Aviation? Five Perspectives on Domestic Drones'. Slate Magazine.
22. ^ ^abcWolfgang, David. 'Drone Journalism: Is Resistance Futile?'. Quill Magazine.
23. ^Westcott, Richard. ''Hexacopter' changes the way TV reporters work - BBC News'. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-07-07.
24. ^Daily Dot, 'Watch a Phantom drone in action at the Harlem explosion site', The Daily Dot, 12 March 2014
25. ^Evans, Denise. 'Parklife 2015: take a virtual tour of the site at Heaton Park'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
26. ^'BBC World Service Radio Interview with Johnny Miller'.
27. ^'Drone Shows Racist Architecture'. cnn.com.
28. ^'Unequal Scenes: A New Perspective On An Old Problem'. British Journal of Photography.

External links[edit]

As soon as the theater lights dim for the latest drone-centric film, Eye in the Sky, a quote fills the screen: 'In war, truth is the first casualty.' It's a sobering setup for the ethical dilemma at the heart of the film: Should British and American officials order a strike that would take out some of the highest-ranking members of Al-Shabab in East Africa if it means killing a nearby 9-year-old girl in the process?

The situation presented is a bit unrealistic, according to accounts by military members like former Air Force technician Cian Westmoreland, who participated in a Q&A hosted by international human rights group Reprieve following an early screening of the film. But if one also accepts that accuracy is often the first casualty in Hollywood, Eye in the Sky, which opens Friday, is an edge-of-your-seat thriller that offers moviegoers a framework for thinking critically about our increasingly automated wars.

'It's a movie about morally complex questions and very real ethical dilemmas set in the world of modern drone warfare,' says director Gavin Hood (Ender's Game, Tsotsi). 'It's a dramatic thriller aimed at a thinking audience of people who love films, and it leaves them with something to talk about.'

For years, U.K. Colonel Katherine Powell (Academy Award-winner Helen Mirren) has been tracking a radicalized British citizen, and American drones have finally located her target inside a safe house in Kenya. But when surveillance footage shows that the militant group is preparing suicide vests for an imminent attack, Powell turns her capture mission into an order to kill.

Ethical Question On Drones Video

But just as American drone pilot Steve Watts (Emmy Award-winner Aaron Paul) is about to launch the deadly Hellfire missile from a bunker in Nevada, a little girl enters the kill zone. Her presence sparks a debate about the strike's morality and legality at all levels of the U.S. and U.K. governments, which ropes in U.K. Lieutenant General Frank Benson (the late Alan Rickman, in his final on-camera role).

Related; The Anatomy of an American Drone Strike

Like his fellow drone operator Brandon Bryant, who criticized the 2015 film Good Kill for its lack of realism, Westmoreland sees Hollywood's depictions of drone warfare as an opportunity to accurately introduce civilians to a clandestine world. 'It's a fantasy representation of what happens,' says Westmoreland, who first came forward in November to inveigh against the U.S. drone program's efficacy. Though he sees the tactical and strategic value of drones, he doesn't believe they should be used in a country the U.S. is not at war with, 'because we don't control the narrative on the ground.'

In Hood's high-definition rendering, surveillance shows even minute details like clothing patterns. But in reality, Westmoreland explains, the feeds are not that crisp—dust obscures the image, and signals are poor. 'The film gives you the impression that there is a great deal of accuracy,' he says, adding that the depiction may mislead viewers about the quality of footage that officials are actually working with.

Westmoreland adds that the idea of a single casualty sparking a heated governmental debate is also unrealistic. The U.S. sometimes targets weddings and funerals, he explains, and it accepts a degree of human collateral damage in strikes. The White House and Pentagon contend that drones are precise weapons that have caused few civilian deaths and have killed key leaders of groups that want to harm the United States and its allies. But leaked documents published by The Intercept in October show that during one five-month period in Afghanistan, nearly 9 out of 10 casualties were due to proximity to intended targets. 'One civilian would not constitute a reason to stop,' Westmoreland says.

Despite straying from reality, the film offers viewers a rare opportunity to jump into the shoes of drone warfare's major players—from decision-makers to drone operators—and gain new insights.

'I always thought that drones were being flown by men and women from the comfort of a bunker, but I learned that it isn't comfortable whatsoever,' says Paul. 'It is a very terrifying, scary situation they are put in.. If you drop a payload on a building, you know that people are going to die, and you know that sometimes innocent civilians are going to die.'

Since the filming, Mirren says, she reads news stories involving drones with a more critical eye. Discussing the recent U.S. manned and unmanned airstrike on an Al-Shabab training camp in Somalia that killed 150, she says, 'Without a doubt, there were innocent people killed in that strike.' And like the ethical conundrum faced in the fictional drone strike in Kenya, 'that very decision had to be taken' in Somalia, she adds.

'You can debate the political and technical factors that influence the use of drone strikes as much as you like,' says Hood, 'but I ultimately want this film to remind us of the need for compassion, no matter where we are in the world.'