This Tutorial aimed to be simple by leaving out all the information you don't need and to get an overview. If you use Windows Vista or Windows 7, you should read Point V) Installing Fallout first.
More information and further Links you'll find at the end of the article.
All mods on the Nexus have a set of manual install instructions. The gist is: Download a mod off the Nexus, it will normally be compressed, so you will need something like Winzip, WinRAR or 7Zip to extract it. Once you have extracted the mod, move it's contents into: C: Steam SteamApps common Fallout New Vegas Data. II ) Installing Mods. Mods come as package - first you need to extract them to a temporary location by using a tool like 7zip. Examine the files / folders of the Mod you've unpacked to get a quick overview. You'll find files with ending.esp or.esm and maybe additional folders like textures, meshes or sound. I have just bought Fallout New Vegas. I read the patch notes and I saw that many bug as been fixed after the release. What I am wondering now is, if there are any known bugs and if there are mods I should install to fix them, before starting my adventure in New Vegas.

Mods come as package -> first you need to extract them to a temporary location by using a tool like 7zip. Examine the files / folders of the Mod you've unpacked to get a quick overview.
Example of an unzipped Mod under XP and Vista / Windows7
You'll find files with ending *.esp or *.esm and maybe additional folders like textures, meshes or sound.
After you unpacked a lot of Mods, you'll consider each result as quite unique, but generally the structure is almost the same.
Anyway, there are two common rules you should keep in mind:
-> The default path for DVD Versions is C: Program Files Bethesda Softworks Fallout 3 Data
You may have customised the install path to something else e.g. C: Games Fallout..
That's why in some READMEs you'll find the term '< install path > Fallout 3 Data '
-> The default path for Steam Versions is C: Program Files Steam steamapps Common Fallout 3 Data
To avoid issues under Vista and Win7, the install location of Steam can be customised, see point #V .29 Installing Fallout
-> It's recommended to use the little tool ArchiveInvalidation Invalidated.Finally check your G.E.C.K. Mods (*.esp) at your Fallout Launcher or use FOMM
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--> finished, enjoy the game :-)))
See videos on Youtube:
Fallout 3 - How to install Mods
Fallout 3 - How to install FOSE
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Mods are best installed by your own.
( Avoid extracting something directly into your Game / Data Dir )
Perform a Windows Update including DirectX.
(CCleaner recommended) and reboot.
If you use Windows7 or Vista, it is highly recommended to install the game to another location than 'Program Files' ( for example C: GamesFallout 3 ) to avoid problems with the security feature UAC.
Alternatively you could disable UAC, but this may lead to a less secure system, so be warned. For Steam versions there is hardly a way to customise the install dir. So you may need to go for the 'disabling UAC' option - or install Steam to another location than 'Program Files'
e.g. C:GamesSteam ..
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Install the latest official Patch which fits to your game version. Note, that Steam and GotY versions should already be up-to-date.
=> If you get the xlive.dll error at start, see solution here: Games for Windows Live fix.
It saves time if something went wrong - especially if you installed Fallout via Steam.
( a reinstall wont work in every case properly.
You can play Fallout in two different ways: off-line or on-line via GfWL.
As soon as you switch between these two modes, if you install F.O.S.E. (which disables GfWL) or if you simply move your DLC files into the Data folder, you'll consider your save games are 'gone'. This happens because Fallout uses two slightly different locations to store the game saves in.
-> If you want to continue your game on-line or off-line, simply copy the save games into the respective location.
Sometimes you need to access hidden folders on your Hard Drive.
For example if you want to access the GfWL Folder where DLCs are stored in.
These Folders are hidden by default so you may need to set them visible.
If you have to deal with several file extensions like *.exe, *.esp or *.bsa, you should disable Hidden file extensions too.
If you test a lot of mods you may want to have quick and easy access to your data folder.
Creating a Desktop Shortcut:
Sometimes it is recommended to use the Fake Patch and the Unofficial Fallout 3 Patch as workaround if you don't want to use the official Patches. But keep in mind that this wont work in every case properly. The latest official patch (v1.7) should be your very first choice.
Sometimes Modders get their file structures not correct.
In this case you could try to correct this by your own.
Use a tool like FO3 Archive Utility (requires Java) or FOMMs built in BSA Browser to open the *.bsa archives (e.g. Fallout - Textures.bsa) to get an idea, how the folder structure has to look like.
But do not try to change the *.bsa Archives!
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Here you reached the end ;-) and hope it helped to clear some things up.
Enjoy Fallout3Nexus and don`t forget to rate and comment a tested mod. Keep in mind it is lots of hard and unpaid work.
.. happy modding folks
Missed something? More detailed Information here:
'Fallout 3 Mods FAQ, A Beginners Guide' @Bethsoft.com
'How to install Mods for Fallout 3' by overload1977 @TheNexusForums (including DLC Help )
Installing A Mod With FOMM
'Getting DLC and mods working' by Wandik @TheNexusForums
How to handle load order
Load order and you
Load order recommendations
Simple FOMM load order tweaking
Crashes fix/reduce guide
Modification Troubleshooting @TheNexusForums.com
Technical Support @TheNexusForums.com
Official Technical Support Forums @Bethsoft.com
Possible solutions to crashing & other issues @Bethsoft.com
Radio Stutter Thread @TheNexusForums.com
Fallout 3 Tweak Guide @Tweakguides.com
FAQ @Thenexusforums.com
Fallout Wiki @wikia.com
Fallout 3 modding FAQ @wikia.com
Mods Reloaded.com
No Mutants Allowed.com
Planet Fallout.com